, self assembling peptides were used to facilitate the subsurface mineralization of the enamel in carious lesion, while other groups used elastin-like polypeptide-assisted biomimetic approach to synthesize artificial dental enamel (Fig. Recently, different biomimetic approaches have been developed to synthesize artificial dental enamel. So, the challenge remains to synthesize apatite nanocrystals with a proper oriented structure, similar to the natural enamel, directly on the surface of the damaged enamel and in an oral environment. The unique cross-arranged structure of enamel exhibits two important components: prismatic and interprismatic areas, which have different stabilities to resist acid erosion. Therefore the biggest challenge lies in recreating the hierarchical structure on the surface of the damaged enamel. The newly formed hydroxyapatite usually lacks the structure and mechanical properties of the natural enamel. Traditionally, fluoride (F) and calcium phosphate nanocrystals are applied to re-mineralize the eroded enamel matrix and act by inhibiting demineralization by fluoride incorporation in the crystal lattice, resulting in lower solubility of enamel, and having a potential to protect the outer ~ 30 μm of the tooth. Hence, the concept of “healing” of the damaged enamel consists in repairing by acellular re-mineralization. Therefore, once damaged, enamel cannot be biologically regenerated/repaired. It provides the first hard barrier towards the outer environment, protecting the tooth from damage.ĭuring tooth development, the ameloblasts, which are responsible for the formation of enamel, undergo programmed cell death at the maturation stage and no longer exist in the mature enamel. The outer mineralized tissue in the crown region, the enamel, is the highest mineralized tissue of the human body, characterized by an absence of cells. The approach is based on understanding the underlying mechanisms of tooth development and the biological processes of healing and repair, creating a solid knowledge of principles that could be applied in harnessing the natural healing potential of the dental tissues, or regenerating (engineering) the damaged tissue or organ.Ī tooth is a complex organ consisting of a soft connective tissue (dental pulp) encased in a chamber of differently mineralized hard tissues (enamel, cementum, and dentin). Regenerative dentistry is an emerging concept that challenges the modern dentistry to step up the dental research and translate the scientific knowledge into new future clinical treatments. The PDL physiologically provides a buffered distribution of mastication forces and when absent can often lead to jaw bone resorption. Although current dental implants mark notable advantages in osseointegration and soft tissue adaptations, the concept of the treatment is based on the usage of inert materials in direct contact with bone tissue and absence of periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue. Osseointegrated dental implants revolutionized dentistry as they provide restoration of lost function without affecting healthy teeth. Current dental treatments used to replace missing tooth structure or missing teeth are based on conservative therapies such as fillings, made of inert dental materials, fixed dental bridges, or removable dentures and dental implants. Dental caries, periodontal disease, and genetic disorders are major causes of tooth loss.Ĭaries is reported as the most common disease worldwide. Complete loss of natural teeth is widespread, particularly affecting older people. It affects an individual’s capacity for biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing. Tooth loss is a global health problem representing a burden to society and the economy.
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